QRZ! Ham Radio 4/QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - Volume 4.iso/digests/infoham/940171.txt

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Date: Thu, 17 Feb 94 18:28:25 PST
From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <[e-mail]>
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Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #171
To: Info-Hams


Info-Hams Digest            Thu, 17 Feb 94       Volume 94 : Issue  171

Today's Topics:
                         callsign server info
                      Coax minimum-loss impeance
                        Hawaiian 2m repeaters?
                         Iambic keyer paddles
                             John Ramsey
                     MINIMUF on HP42S calculators
                            Nude QSL cards
            pc.usl.edu more up-to-date than cs.buffalo.edu
                             QSL info????

Send Replies or notes for publication to: <[e-mail]>
Send subscription requests to: <[e-mail]>
Problems you can't solve otherwise to [e-mail].

Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
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We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party.  Your mileage may vary.  So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 94 00:15:44 GMT
From: yale.edu!noc.near.net!news.delphi.com!BIX.com![e-mail]
Subject: callsign server info
To: [e-mail]

[e-mail] (Jerry Sy) writes:

>which port do I telnet to get to callsign server on
>cs.buffalo.edu ?

telnet callsign.cs.buffalo.edu 2000

Regards,
Doug Hamilton   [e-mail]   Ph 508-358-5715
Hamilton Laboratories, 13 Old Farm Road, Wayland, MA  01778-3117

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 18 Feb 1994 00:29:26 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!hpscit.sc.hp.com!cupnews0.cup.hp.com!news1.boi.hp.com!hp-pcd!hpcvsnz![e-mail]
Subject: Coax minimum-loss impeance
To: [e-mail]

Over on sci.electronics, someone was asking about how we
came to 50 ohms as common for coax impedance.  I posted
the appended followup after some interesting calcs that
I had not seen previously:  I'd seen the "77 ohms for
min loss" thing, but not the effects of dielectric noted
here, and I thought folk here might be interested:

========================================================

Subject: Re: History of 50 ohms standard?
Newsgroups: sci.electronics

Richard Karlquist ([e-mail]) wrote:
: In article <[e-mail]>,
: Dave Chengson <[e-mail]> wrote:
: >Does anyone know the background/history of where 50 ohms came from?
: >Its been suggested that it came from WWII from the antenna folks
: >and it is rumored it was a relatively arbitrary impedance value.

: I believe this is discussed in the MIT Rad Lab books.
: With air dielectric, 74 ohms gives the minimum loss for a given
: outer diameter.  35 ohms give the highest power handling capability
: assuming air breakdown is the limiting factor.  50 ohms is a compromise
: about half way in between.

I remembered it as 77 ohms for the minimum loss, and just went thru
the calcs to figure it out.  Turned out to be 76.708 ohms ;-)
Now this is interesting, because it turned out to depend only on
the ratio of inner to outer diameter, and expressed that way, was
independent of dielectric, under the assumption that dielectric
losses are negligible, which should be the case for practical
coax cables at HF frequencies.  I might add that this also assumes
perfect surface conditions on the round (not stranded) conductors.

OK, carrying this one step further, the outer-diameter/inner-diameter
ratio for min loss under these conditions is 3.59112:1.  With air
dielectric, this is the 77 ohm  cable.  But if the dielectric is
polyethelene, commonly used in WWII vintage cables, the impedance
is ... 51.02 ohms!  By the way, doing the same thing for solid
Teflon gives 52.9 ohms, still really close to 50.

For those interested in the calcs:
    Zo=60*ln(D/d) / (e^.5)

    where
        Zo is characteristic impedance of coaxial line
        D is inner diameter of outer conductor
        d is outer diameter of inner conductor
        e is dielectric constant of insulation

    A100 = 4.34 * Rt / Zo   +  2.78*f*Fp*(e^.5)

    where
    A100 is dB attenuation for 100 feet of line
    Rt is total effective resistance at operating freq
    f is operating frequency
    Fp is power factor of dielectric at frequency f
    (and the second term is generally negligible at HF,
    leaving 4.34*Rt/Zo, for practical insulations.
    Dissipation in the insulation favors lower impedance
    since the loss goes down with voltage)

    Rt = .1 * f^.5 * ( 1/d + 1/D)

You can reduce this:  let D/d = x, then

    A100*D/(7.233E-3*(e*f)^.5) = ( x + 1 ) / ln(x)

For a constant D, e and f, you want to minimize the right side for
minimum attenuation.  That leads to the D/d mentioned above.
Substitute e=1 into the Zo formula for air; e=2.26 for polyethelene,
and e=2.10 for teflon.

73, K7ITM

------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 1994 16:09:44 -0600
From: library.ucla.edu!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu![e-mail]
Subject: Hawaiian 2m repeaters?
To: [e-mail]

I'll be in Hawaii (on Maui and in Honolulu) from March 25-April 6 and was
wondering if anyone could provide some advice as to good 2m repeaters...

Yes, I have a rptr directory, but I was hoping for more specific advice.

Thanks!

---
Jason Hanson    +   1510 Tripp Cir. #VI309   +   [phone]
U. of Wisconsin +   Madison, WI 53706-1294   +   Ham Radio:N9LEA (Extra)
[e-mail] [e-mail] undergrad-Political Sci.

------------------------------

Date: 16 Feb 94 17:30:26
From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!news.umbc.edu!eff!news.kei.com!ub!dsinc!netnews.upenn.edu!mipg.upenn.edu![e-mail]
Subject: Iambic keyer paddles
To: [e-mail]

I am told that in general, right handed operators use the right paddle
for the dash while the left paddle is used for the dit.  OK no problem
so far.

Is there a rationale behind this convention?

If right handed people use their right hand to send code, why do they
do this?  It seems to me that it would be much more convenient to send
code with the left hand so that the right hand is kept free to copy
incoming code.  This is the same logic that is used with baseball
mitts.  Is it that strictly right handed people can not do this?













--
Medical Image Processing Group     |                  Conway Yee, N2JWQ
411 Blockley Hall                  |  EMAIL : [e-mail]
418 Service Drive                  |  VOICE : 1 [phone]
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021 (USA)  |  FAX   : [phone]

------------------------------

Date: 16 Feb 1994 23:51:01 GMT
From: koriel!newsworthy.West.Sun.COM!abyss.West.Sun.COM!sunspot![e-mail]
Subject: John Ramsey
To: [e-mail]

In article [e-mail], [e-mail] (Cecil Moore) writes:
>Dana Myers ([e-mail]) wrote:
>: >But my approach was not, "you idiots don't know your ass from..."
>
>: The implication is that Jeff's approach was this.  Do you knoe something we
>: don't?
>
>That has been Jeff's approach toward Ramsey for the year that I have been
>on Internet.

Keep in mind, Jeff's experience with Ramsey appears to pre-date your arrival
to the Internet.

>: In the 20 or so years I've been building kits, especially Heathkits,
>: I've had at least 90% of them work from the moment the power was turned on.
>
>Your experience has been different from mine. I had 100 times the trouble
>out of Heathkits that I had with Ramsey kits. You probably weren't around
>for the '50s when it was a miracle if a Heathkit ever worked.

Sure.  Anyone can find from the callsign database my birthdate of 5/3/63. I
started building kits around the time I was 10.

>: I will say, flat out, that John Ramsey indeed bad-mouthed Jeff Gold by
>: name during a phone call with me  despite the fact I asked him not to do so.
>:  * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ
>
>I agree it was probably not a "politically correct" thing to do. But John
>may (or may not) share my attitude that anyone who calls another person
>a liar in public is less than human. And John probably doesn't appreciate
>his name being a line item on Internet so how about us taking this off
>line?

Hang on, slamming your customers is not only not politcally correct, it is
bad business.  It doesn't matter if they call you a liar.  Anyway, why wouldn't
John appreciate his name being a line item on Internet?

---
 * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ, DoD 466    | Views expressed here are    *
 * [phone]         | mine and do not necessarily    *
 * [e-mail]    | reflect those of my employer    *
 * This Extra supports the abolition of the 13 and 20 WPM tests *

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 17 Feb 94 17:35:00 MST
From: news.mtholyoke.edu!news.byu.edu![e-mail]
Subject: MINIMUF on HP42S calculators
To: [e-mail]

Some time ago I ported MINIMUF (a BASIC program for predicting
MUF's) to my HP42S calculator.  If anyone's interested in it, email me
and I'll send you a copy.  (It's free.)

--
Ed Haymore   |   AA6EJ
[e-mail]   |   Live long and prosper.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 18 Feb 1994 00:11:19 GMT
From: agate!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!col.hp.com!csn!server![e-mail]
Subject: Nude QSL cards
To: [e-mail]

Jim Hollenback ([e-mail]) wrote:
:
: No, I don't think your out of place. Would one send a nude QSL to a foreign
: country? I certainly hope not. In some counties they would be banned and
: could get the recieving ham in trouble. Besides, what sort of image are
: you presenting for the U.S.? If you would not send one to a foriegn country,
:
: Jim, WA6SDM
: [e-mail]

:
Although correct that some countries would ban nude QSL cards, you will find
that countries banning the card are relatively few.  Not all countries
are as "Prudish" as this country about nudity.

Nude cards do exist, I've gotten some from Japan.  QSLs of this sort
usually get answered more quickly........

Signed:  "Dirty Old Man Amateur"

George,  W1XE/0
email  [e-mail]


------------------------------

Date: 17 Feb 1994 21:05:40 GMT
From: agate!msuinfo!news.mtu.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.cs.columbia.edu!news.boxhill.com!ariel![e-mail]
Subject: pc.usl.edu more up-to-date than cs.buffalo.edu
To: [e-mail]

For what it's worth, the callsign server at
    telnet pc.usl.edu. 2000
appears to be more up-to-date than the one at
    telnet cs.buffalo.edu. 2000

(the former has my new mailing address, the latter does not!)

Does anyone know if the two servers are related?
They appear to use the same callsign server software...

73

Ken ([e-mail])

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 22:24:20 GMT
From: mentor.cc.purdue.edu!noose.ecn.purdue.edu!constellation.ecn.purdue.edu![e-mail]
Subject: QSL info????
To: [e-mail]

I'm wondering if anyone out there has a CURRENT WORKING ADDRESS for

4N7ZZ, Tibi of Yugoslavia

I have no idea if he is dead or alive at this point, alive I certainly
HOPE, for his sake.

A long time ago I worked him and tried to send a QSL card, but I
suspect that events in the region probably zorched that one.  For
all I know he might even have a different call by now.....

If anyone has any info, please email to:

[e-mail]

posting it here might also be useful on the off chance that anyone
else also needs QSL for 4N7ZZ.

Thanks,

Duane

------------------------------

Date: Tue, 15 Feb 1994 06:05:44 GMT
From: news2.uunet.ca!scilink!gts!torsqnt!problem!vigard![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <bote.760946660@access1>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Medium range point-to-point digital links

[e-mail] (Gary Coffman) writes:

>So an 8 bit system would have a SNR of 10*log(2^9)=27 db.

heywaitaminute.  isnt the SNR a power ratio?  you've
done a voltage ratio here ...

>per second. That requires a very good brickwall filter, however,
>so sampling is usually done at a somewhat higher rate, say 3X
>or 4X the highest audio frequency. Lets pick 3X. So our required
>bit rate is 16*15,000=240 kb/s.

but after your oversampling and filtering, you don't bother with
the "in-between" samples anymore ... you still end up transmitting
10kbps (in your example).

tho i would say that 8kilosamples/second @ 8bits is quite accepatable.
64kbps.  using an ADPCM encoder you can chop this in half.

if you have a soundblaster, you can experiment with both sample rate
and resolution ... 4k samples/sec is too low, 6k is passable.  fewer
than about 5 bits would probably make things very irritating.

>Or we can abandon voice grade radios for the links and use purpose
>built digital radios with higher baud rates.  If we take a 56 kb
>WA4DSY RF modem (GRAPES), and couple that with an on the fly

or you could just get a pair of gunplexers.  pricey, but you also
get the beginnings of a *very* high speed (>1Mbps) data link.  voice/packet/
whatever.

price/performance/future:  how much are gunplexers, how much are
the WA4DSY modem/radios and compare what both are eventually capable of.

as you might be able to tell, i like spending other people's money. :-)
--
Matthew Francey                     [e-mail]   (or [e-mail])
AX25: VE3RQX@VE3RZR.#SCON.ON.CAN    GPS(NAD27): N43o34.210' W079o34.563' +0093m

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 17:36:32 GMT
From: psinntp!arrl.org![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: RAMSEY FX TRANSCEIVER

[e-mail] wrote:
: Jon Bloom (KE3Z) <[e-mail]> writes:
:
: >harmonic spectral purity requirements.) They promised to send us one of
: >the new units as soon as it became available.  (Normally, we only
: >*purchase* Product Review items, but we decided that it would be hard
: >for them to fine-tune a kit :-)
: >   We waited a couple of months, then called Ramsey.  To make a long
: >story short, we called *every* couple of months, but we never received
: >the promised radio.  Finally, we just bought one (through a third
: >party).  This is the unit we reviewed.  In March of 1993, we contacted
:
: And one wonders why we don't advertise in QST, it's the attitude of
: history re-writers such as J.B. I was there, and the facts just ain't so.
: I'd rather talk on the phone! But I had to respond to such talk. You see, the
: ARRL couldn't get their kit to work! So we sent them an assembled unit.

No, as I said before, it *did* work, but didn't meet spectral purity
requirements.  *That's* why we requested an assembled unit--which also
didn't meet the requirements and worked just like the one we built.

By the way, when I was doing the phone calling (eventually I turned it
over the the Product Review editor), I spoke not to you, but to one of
your employees.  So I'm not sure how you can claim first-hand
knowledge. Of course, it may be that your employee was telling me one
thing and telling you something different.

: Yes it did not meet the FCC specs for spurious - missing by about a db or
: two ( I'm at home and don't have notes handy). The ARRL missed the whole
: point of the kit which was to promote kit building, etc,etc. Now. I'm
: sure you are thinking, "but it didn't meet FCC!" True, but for a fascinating
: contrast, look at the GLOWING review of the MFJ regen receiver! Guess it
: doesn't spray RF.I do believe that MFJ has been quite a big QST advertiser, too.

As for the MFJ receiver, the RF amplifier in the front end probably
keeps the radiation down to an insignificant level.

Our obligation in Product Review is to present all the relevant facts
our members might want to know about a product. The failure to meet
spectral purity requirements (by more than "a dB or two," by the way)
certainly falls into the category of "relevant facts," as does the
demonstrated receiver strong-signal performance.  Also in that
category, for a kit, is information about the quality of the assembly
instructions and manual, which we said were good.  Sure, we covered
product performance, not only the building itself, because in the end,
the buyer wants the enjoyment of building *and* the performance.

Whether or not a manufacturer advertises in QST has no bearing on
whether a product is selected for review.  I don't imagine you'll
believe that, but it's true.  To keep it that way is one reason why the
person who selects what will be reviewed and the person in charge of
advertising are two different people who work in wholly separate
branches of the HQ organization.
--
Jon Bloom KE3Z   [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 21:09:16 GMT
From: fluke![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <2jrovm$[e-mail]>lyon1.f
Subject : Re: Nude QSL cards

I received a QSL card from Japan that had a nude photo of a woman. That one
always gets comments when people look through my QSL card collection.



--
Chuck Bowden / WB7R / [e-mail] / [phone]
Fluke Corporation / MS 232E / PO Box 9090 / Everett WA 98206-9090

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 20:46:44 GMT
From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!oakhill!yosemite.sps.mot.com![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <2jqi1t$[e-mail]>, <2jt93e$[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Nude amateur radio clubs

In article <2jt93e$[e-mail]>,
William VanHorne <[e-mail]> wrote:
>In article <2jqi1t$[e-mail]>,
>John W. Meaker <jm6033@pegasus> wrote:
>
>>   I'm curious about nude QSL cards.  Would anyone be offended if they
>>received a QSL card in the mail with nude people on it?  Would it be
>>better to mail the card in an envelope?  The envelope increases the
>>cost of mailing a QSL considerably, and cost a consideration when you
>>mail many cards.
>
>Even the *thought* of receiving a QSL card with a nude picture of the average
>ham on it is enough to offend me.  I mean, seriously, folks.  Leaf through
>any QST of recent (or even ancient) vintage, look at the pictures of the
>hams and imagine seeing them nude.

So, explain to me just how it is that someone is somehow a different person
simply because they wear no clothing.  The difference is only in the eye
of the beholder...

  --ben

--
Ben Thornton                             Amateur call: WD5HLS
Internet: [e-mail]       Motorola Inc., Austin, TX
Caution:  Wearing clothes has been shown to cause permanent psychological
          dependence on textiles.  WEAR THEM AT YOUR OWN RISK.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 18 Feb 1994 00:29:39 GMT
From: world![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: John Ramsey

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Cecil Moore) writes:
>Dana Myers ([e-mail]) wrote:
>: What other newsgroup should we discuss this in?
>
>How about
>
>alt.revenge.vendetta.character.assassination.hurt.Ramsey's.business?
>
>: a good business does not berate customers in the presence of other
>: customers.  Are you suggesting this is not true?  * Dana H. Myers KK6JQ
>
>Dana, I will give you the benefit of the doubt and for the sake of this
>discussion, accept what you have said as true... that John Ramsey berated
>Jeff Gold in a private telephone conversation with you. Now who is the
>worst offender of common decency and professional ethics... one who
>berates an individual in a private telephone conversation or one who
>berates an individual in public on Internet? Seeking professional revenge
>for a personal insult seems like extreme overkill to me.
>
>I didn't understand until you told me just now that Jeff was
>complaining about a personal problem rather than a transceiver. In my
>opinion, the only objective question to be answered here is, does Ramsey
>make a resonable transceiver for the money? The votes are obviously split
>and the free market will decide the answer.
>
>73, Cecil, [e-mail]
>

The problem is, I think I'd be concerned with buying any more products from
Ramsey. After all, if I had any problems, he might bad-mouth me all over the
place too. It is bad business and really just plain unneccesary. Jeff appears
to be a very nice guy for not filing a slander suit, especially given the
ample evidence.

--
---------------------------------------------------------------
Daniel Senie                 Internet:     [e-mail]
Daniel Senie Consulting                    [e-mail]
508-365-5352                 Compuserve:   74176,1347

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 16 Feb 1994 17:31:15 GMT
From: psinntp!arrl.org![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>
Subject : Re: Medium range point-to-point digital links

Gary Coffman ([e-mail]) wrote:
: In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Jon Bloom (KE3Z)) writes:
: >Gary Coffman ([e-mail]) wrote:
: >: In article <bote.760946660@access1> [e-mail] (John Boteler) writes:
: >: >I have gotten a bug up my rear to configure our point-to-point
: >: >repeater linking system with digital paths ranging 20
: >: >to 40 miles apart.
: >[deleted]
: >: Well lets look at some numbers and see. Lets assume
: >: you want "broadcast" grade audio. That's a SNR of
: >: 50 db. Digital transmission regenerates bits so
: >: that above a certain threshold level the effective
: >: SNR is only the quantization error of the digital
: >: equipment itself. A crude way of looking at this
: >: is to consider this error as bit jitter at the lsb-1.
: >: So an 8 bit system would have a SNR of 10*log(2^9)=27 db.
: >: That's obviously not good enough. 16 bits yields a SNR of
: >: 10*log(2^17)=51 db which is close enough for our purposes.
: >
: >Use 20*log(x), since we're talking about a voltage ratio. An easy rule
: >of thumb is 6 dB of SNR per bit of quantization.  It's actually a tad
: >better than that, since the quantization error is not constant;
: >sometimes the error is a small fraction of one LSB, sometimes it's up
: >to half an LSB.  8 bits will give you about 50 or so dB of SNR.

: Well I don't want to get into a big fight about comparing power spectra
: ratios to voltage ratios, I'll just say that it's the power spectrum that
: you hear. If you want to use voltage ratios instead, that's fine, but it
: means I'll have to raise the "broadcast quality" number to the 90-100 db
: range instead of the 45-50 db range.

Ummm... 50 dB is 50 dB whether expressed as a voltage ratio or a power
ratio.  That's precisely why we use 20 as the coefficient when
calculating decibels on the basis of voltage ratios.  That is:

power ratio = [(V1)^2 / R] / [(V2)^2 / R] = (V1/V2)^2

so, in dB,

dB = 10*log[(V1/V2)^2] = 2*10*log(V1/V2) (by properties of logarithms)
   = 20*log(V1/V2)

To talk about a "power dB" as separate from a "voltage dB" is
meaningless, *unless* the two voltages you are comparing occur across
different impedances, which is not the case here.  Your statement makes
no sense.

So, what's enough SNR, 50 dB or 100 dB? I suggest it's 50 dB.  A
compact disk gives you about 90 dB, and I'd hate to think we need
better than CD quality on our voice links!

Of course, to realize the 50-dB SNR from the 8-bit system, the signals
have to use all of the available signal range.  If you use less, the
SNR is reduced proportionally, as the signal is closer to the noise
floor.  That probably argues for something on the order of a 12-bit
converter for "overhead."  But with good ALC ahead of the A/D, 8 bits
might be acceptable.
--
Jon Bloom KE3Z   [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 17 Feb 1994 19:52:01 GMT
From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!emory!wa4mei.ping.com!nanovx!kd4dts![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>│╥
Subject : Re: John Ramsey

I built the 2m kit, and was I mad when I was done.  I could never get the
radio to produce 5 watts, and I had access to a Motorola spectrum analyzer.
I talked to a Ramsey 'droid at the hamfest, and said "Oh yea, a tune up is
about $10."  I said, "Cool, I'll send it off."  I talked to the service
department who said "Oh, it's $50 to align a radio."  I told them that was
ridiculous, here's what the other guy told me.  They said "Oh, well, if we
don't have to fix it, there's no charge, except shipping."  I told them
"Fine, you won't have to fix anything, the radios not broke".  I later
find out that I have to pay $50 to get my radio out of hock with these
BOZO's.  I say "Well?"  They say "Well, adjusting the coil on the final
(which isn't in the manual) was a repair".  I tell them "F**K you, here's
$50 give me my damn radio back, I'm never buying another frickin' Ramsey
product.  Your sales people are liars, your technicians are liars, and you
have my radio that I have to pay 50 bucks for, or I'll never see it again."
I got it back, and it produces about 4 watts, still under spec.  I'll
never buy any Ramsey crap again.

                            - John, KD4DTS
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
John C. Wren (kd4dts)      | "The UNIX operating system has a command, NICE,
[e-mail]       |  which allows a user to voluntarily reduce the
..!emory!wa4mei!kd4dts!jcw |  priority of his process, in order to be nice to

------------------------------

End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #171
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